लो भाई आ गया "FM presents the budget on behalf of the PM" योजना।😎😎


Link for Online Question Paper Representation Portal for CS(P) 2025 is active for the candidates to make representations to the Commission portal on the questions asked in the Papers of CS(P) 2025


Link: https://upsconline.gov.in/miscellaneous/QPRep/

Last date: 01-06-2025 (6PM)

Note: To prevent/ minimise UPSC from coming up with completely unexpected answer keys, it’s a good idea for candidates to also push for the most widely accepted answers in controversial or heavily debated questions through representations.

🔷SEAFLOOR SPREADING

🔹 Proposed by: Harry Hess in the early 1960s
🔹 Meaning:
✅ Seafloor spreading is a geological process at oceanic ridges where new crust forms and spreads apart.
✅ It occurs continuously along mid-oceanic ridges (underwater mountain chains).

🔹 Process of Sea-Spreading:
✅ Mid-oceanic ridges are divergent plate boundaries, where tectonic plates move apart.

🔷 Process Explained Step-by-Step

1️⃣ As the plates separate, magma from the asthenosphere rises due to mantle convection.
2️⃣ Magma cools and solidifies on contact with seawater, forming new oceanic crust.
3️⃣ This creates symmetrical magnetic patterns (magnetic anomalies) on both sides of the ridge due to Earth’s magnetic field.

✔️ UPPCS मुख्य परीक्षा 2024  टाइम टेबल जारी।

The Elephant Whisperers is a 2022 Indian documentary film that won the Academy Award for Best Documentary Short Film at the 95th Academy Awards, making it the first Indian film to win an Academy Award in that category at the Oscars.
Set in the Mudumalai National Park on the border of Karnataka and Tamil Nadu states of India, the documentary also highlights the natural beauty of the location. It explores the life of the tribal people in harmony with nature.

Sudraka: Wrote the Mrichchakatika (the little clay cart), the plot of which centres around the love of a poor Brahmana Charudatta for the wealthy, beautiful and cultured courtesan Vasantasena.

Kaushal Kishore v. State of Uttar Pradesh (2023)
✅A Constitution Bench reaffirmed that Article 19(2) is exhaustive.
✅No additional restrictions, however well-intentioned, can be introduced.
✅It emphasized that people cannot be penalized merely for holding non-conforming opinions.


#mains #polity

🔆 Women Leading Environmental Resistance in South Asia

✅ Across India and South Asia, women lead movements resisting unjust development, extractivism, and climate degradation — yet remain largely excluded from decision-making.

✅ Examples of Resistance:
• Odisha: Women in Sijimali protesting mining threats.
• Tamil Nadu: Fishing community women opposing Kudankulam Nuclear Plant.
• Jharkhand: Adivasi women blocking coal mining on ancestral land.
• Narmada Bachao Andolan: Medha Patkar’s global leadership on dam impacts.

✅ Lack of Recognition & Inclusion:
• Women often excluded from consultations, even under Free, Prior, and Informed Consent (FPIC) frameworks.

✅ Legal Frameworks vs Reality:
• India’s Forest Rights Act (2006) & PESA Act (1996) recognise women’s roles; Nepal promotes joint land ownership; Bangladesh prioritizes women in khas land distribution.
• But land titles mostly held by men; Gram Sabhas and compensation dominated by men or exclude women.

✅ Gender Bias in Compensation:
• No comprehensive gender-sensitive land policy in India.
• Redistribution often overlooks single women, widows, and undocumented women.
• Customary laws override Hindu Succession Act in tribal areas.

✅ Climate Adaptation Challenges:
• Women suffer deeper inequalities from heat, water scarcity, pollution.
• They bear caregiving burdens and longer work hours but are excluded from resilience planning.

✅ Call for Structural Change:
• Ensure consultations are free, prior, informed, inclusive.
• Provide women-only spaces, legal aid, translation, accessible timings.
• Recognise women as independent landowners.

✅ Valuing Women’s Leadership:
• Support women’s leadership in activism, negotiation, legislature, and compensation boards.

#gs1
#society
#mains

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@upsc_society_gs

UPSC CS(P) 2025 CSAT - Reading comprehension ans key of various coaching institutes

Credits-@bun_maskha

🔆Justice Abhay Shreeniwas Oka’s Judicial Legacy

✅ Context:
• Celebrated for landmark judgments emphasizing liberty, free speech, and equality.
• Known for protecting civil liberties, progressive bail jurisprudence, and holding the state accountable.

✅ Key Judicial Contributions:
1. Upholding Fundamental Rights:
• Champion of free speech and liberty, intervened against misuse of laws like UAPA and PMLA.
• Advocated bail as the rule, jail the exception, even under stringent laws.
• Examples:
• Jalaluddin Khan vs Union of India (2024) reaffirmed bail principle under UAPA.
• PMLA case (Feb 2025) restricted detention without compelling reason.
2. Safeguarding Constitutional Morality:
• Protected dissent in Section 153A case (Javed Ahmad, 2024), ruling criminalizing dissent undemocratic.
• Struck down laws criminalizing beef possession (Shaikh Zahid Mukhtar, 2016).
• Upheld right to peaceful protest against arbitrary use of Section 144 (Sowmya Reddy case, 2020).
3. Protecting Vulnerable Individuals & Due Process:
• Directed UP govt to cover education costs of a harassed Muslim boy (2023).
• Ordered compensation for illegal demolitions (Zulfiqar Haider case, 2025).
• Stressed ideology alone doesn’t justify incarceration (Abdul Sathar case, 2025).

✅ Legacy:
• Promoted rights-based legal interpretation, defended constitutional values, empowered common people.
• Remembered for compassion, integrity, and dedication—delivered 11 judgments on his final day despite personal loss.

#judiciary #civilrights #polity

🔆 Key Takeaways: Madden-Julian Oscillation (MJO) and Indian Monsoon

✅ What is MJO?
• A moving system of winds, clouds, and pressure circulating eastward near the equator.
• Discovered in 1971 by Roland Madden and Paul Julian.
• Crucial for tropical rainfall patterns, including the Indian monsoon.

✅ Structure and Movement:
• Moves eastward at 4–8 m/s, completing a cycle every 30–60 days (sometimes up to 90 days).
• Two phases:
• Active Phase: Brings rainfall and storms.
• Suppressed Phase: Causes below-average rainfall.

✅ Relevance to Indian Monsoon:
• Strongly influences monsoon onset and intensity, especially during active phase.
• Early 2024 monsoon onset (May 24 Kerala, May 26 Mumbai) partly due to strong MJO.

✅ Cyclone and Rainfall Connection:
• Active MJO triggers tropical cyclones, supporting monsoon initiation (e.g., June 2015 had 20 days of rain linked to MJO).

✅ Interaction with El Niño:
• MJO and El Niño may coincide but are not causally linked; both affect rainfall unpredictably.

✅ Geographical Impact:
• Influences weather between 30°N and 30°S; India lies in this zone, making it vulnerable to MJO-driven rainfall variations.

#climate #monsoon

🔆 March 1929 - Muslim League Session in Delhi
📍 Jinnah’s Fourteen Points
✅ 4 Delhi Proposals & 3 Calcutta amendments proposed for the continuation of separate electorates and Muslim reservations in government services and self-governing bodies:

✅ Future constitution to be federal, with residuary powers vested in provinces.
✅ Uniform autonomy for provinces.
✅ Muslim representation of at least one-third in Central Legislature.
✅ Separate electorates should continue for communities, but should be open to any community.
✅ No territorial distribution affecting Muslims in Punjab, Bengal, NWFP.
✅ Religious liberty guaranteed to all communities.
✅ Muslim representation in central and provincial cabinets.
✅ Sindh to be separated from Bombay.
✅ Reforms to be introduced in NWFP and Balochistan on the same footing as other provinces.
✅ Safeguards for Muslim culture, education, language, and personal laws.
✅ Jawaharlal Nehru referred to these as “Jinnah's ridiculous 14 points.”

#history